Metformin

Metformin, the active ingredient in Metformin, is a Biguanide presented as a tablet for oral use. It treats type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. GNH USA supplies Metformin as a licensed, GDP-compliant international pharmaceutical supplier serving hospitals, pharmacies and clinics worldwide.

Metformin is used within the antidiabetic drug class to improve glycaemic control. - Type 2 diabetes mellitus: lowers blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose output and enhancing insulin sensitivity. - Prediabetes: helps delay progression to overt diabetes by improving fasting glucose levels. - Polycystic ovary syndrome: may improve insulin resistance and restore ovulatory function.

Metformin may cause a range of adverse reactions.

Common Side Effects: - Gastrointestinal upset: nausea, abdominal discomfort, or loss of appetite. - Diarrhea: frequent loose stools, especially during treatment initiation. - Metallic taste: transient alteration in taste perception. - Decreased vitamin B12 levels: may develop with long‑term use.

Serious or Rare Side Effects: - Lactic acidosis: a rare but life‑threatening accumulation of lactate. - Severe skin reactions: such as Stevens‑Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. - Hepatotoxicity: abnormal liver enzymes indicating liver injury. - Hypoglycaemia: when combined with other glucose‑lowering agents. - Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas reported in isolated cases.

Metformin requires careful monitoring in several clinical situations. - Renal function assessment: avoid use in severe renal impairment to reduce lactic acidosis risk. - Hepatic function evaluation: monitor liver disease patients for potential toxicity. - Cardiovascular status: use cautiously in patients with unstable heart failure. - Concomitant medications: review drugs that may affect renal clearance or increase lactic acidosis risk. - Elderly patients: consider dose reduction and close monitoring. - Store at room temperature: keep in the original container, protect from moisture and heat.

Metformin can interact with various medicines, altering its efficacy or safety.

Major Interactions (Avoid): - Iodinated contrast agents: may precipitate acute renal failure and lactic acidosis. - Cimetidine: can increase metformin plasma concentrations. - Alcohol: potentiates risk of lactic acidosis. - Diuretics that impair renal function: may reduce metformin clearance.

Moderate Interactions (Monitor Closely): - Sulfonylureas: increase risk of hypoglycaemia. - Beta‑blockers: may mask hypoglycaemic symptoms. - ACE inhibitors or ARBs: monitor renal function and electrolytes. - NSAIDs: can affect renal perfusion and metformin excretion. - Thiazolidinediones: combined use may raise lactic acidosis risk.